![]() Patterns are discussed with regard to how gender stereotypes embedded in holiday traditions reinforce messages of disempowerment for women and girls. Conclusion: Costumes reinforce gender stereotypes differentiating boys/men and girls/women and the ways in which girls/women are stereotyped varies across the lifespan. Results (Study 2): In addition to age differences in character archetypes, women's costumes were most likely to be sexualized (especially heroes), girls' and teenage young women's costumes were most likely to combine both infantilization and sexualization, and baby girls' costumes were least likely to incorporate either gender-markers. Method (Study 2): Ornamental feminine-passivity was explored in an additional sample of baby girls' (n = 161), child girls' (n = 189), teen girls' (n = 167), and women's (n = 301) costumes, coded for character archetypes and markers of infantilization and sexualization. Results (Study 1): Compared to boys'/men's costumes, girls'/women's costumes represented more ornamental feminine-passivity. Method (Study 1): Extending Nelson's analysis of gender-markers in mass-produced children's Halloween costumes, Study 1 explored gender-typing in children's costumes (n = 428), also adding a sample of adult's costumes (n = 428) from major retailers, coding for character archetypes (heroes, villains, and fools), active-masculinity/passive-femininity, and for degree of disguise. Objective: We explore the relationship between gender stereotypes and North American Halloween costumes. Data are analyzed in terms of the agonic or hedonic power expressed through the imagery employed in Halloween costumes. A computer-based survey was administered to a sample of college students to determine if this population interprets the imagery used in Halloween costumes in a consistent fashion. Over 80% of women presented some form of sexual imagery combined with other cultural symbols in their costume choice. These constructions differed dramatically by gender. The young adults in this study drew upon a wide range of modern and historical imagery and symbols to construct alternate identities expressing a desire for power. A sample of masqueraders was interviewed. They recorded the types and numbers of costumes worn and coded the content and impression given by the costumes. ![]() Using triangulated methods involving observation, content analysis, survey and interviews, data collection teams canvassed a student neighborhood near the campus of a large state university. The performance of gender is explored through the images young adults project with their choices of Halloween costumes.
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